????? ??? ??? ????? ??? 20?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???.

1893? ????? ???, 1918? ??? ????? 30? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????. ?? 28??? ??? ?? 21? ??? ???? ???? ????. ????? 1920?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????. ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????.

??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???.

????? ??? ??? ?? ????. 15???? ??? 96?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? 3%? ????. ???(40.4%) ????(39.4%) ? ????? ????? ???(11.5%) ?????(12.6%) ? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??. ??????(UNDP)? ???? ???????? ?? ????? 73?? ???? ??. ? 2? ?? ???(北京)?? ??? ?2? ‘???? ??????’ ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????. ‘??? ??’? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???.

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